Admission Test GRE-Verbal Value Pack (Frequently Bought Together)

The victory of the small Greek democracy of Athens over the mighty Persian empire in 490 B. C. is one of
the most famous events in history. Darius, king of the Persian empire, was furious because Athens had
interceded for the other Greek city-states in revolt against Persian domination. In anger the king sent an
enormous army to defeat Athens.
He thought it would take drastic steps to pacify the rebellious part of the empire. Persia was ruled by one
man. In Athens, however, all citizens helped to rule. Ennobled by this participation, Athenians were
prepared to die for their city-state. Perhaps this was the secret of the remarkable victory at Marathon,
which freed them from Persian rule. On their way to Marathon, the Persians tried to fool some Greek
city-states by claiming to have come in peace. The frightened citizens of Delos refused to believe this. Not
wanting to abet the conquest of Greece, they fled from their city and did not return until the Persians had
left. They were wise, for the Persians next conquered the city of Etria and captured its people. Tiny
Athens stood alone against PersiA. The Athenian people went to their sanctuaries. There they prayed for
deliverance. They asked their gods to expedite their victory. The Athenians refurbished their weapons and
moved to the plain of Marathon, where their little band would meet the Persians. At the last moment,
soldiers from Plataea reinforced the Athenian troops. The Athenian army attacked, and Greek citizens
fought bravely. The power of the mighty Persians was offset by the love that the Athenians had for their
city. Athenians defeated the Persians in archery and hand combat.
Greek soldiers seized Persian ships and burned them, and the Persians fled in terror.
Herodotus, a famous historian, reports that 6400 Persians died, compared with only 192 Athenians.
Their participation___to the Athenians.

• A. gave honor
• B. gave fear
• C. gave comfort
• D. gave hope
• E. gave strength

VAGARY:

• A. impartiality
• B. essential element
• C. foreseeable event
• D. full disclosure
• E. explicitness

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American history scholars generally attribute formation of the League of Indian Nations to Degandawida,
who convinced the warring and fiercely autonomous Iroquois nations to embrace his radical idea for a
league by tying it to familiar Iroquois customs and institutions. He associated the notion of peace and
partnership with the Iroquois custom by which the families of slain warriors adopted war prisoners into the
tribe. He invoked unquestioned social institutions as symbols, comparing the League to the traditional
Iroquois clan in which several families share a "Longhouse" and likening the Great Council, comprised of
representatives from each nation, to the Longhouse's ever-burning Council Fire. And he assigned to each
nation specific duties in order to assuage its fear of losing national identity. (For instance, he assigned to
the Onondagas, who were centrally positioned geographically, the role of perpetual hosts.) Perhaps most
persuasive, however, was how Degandawida's League replicated the power structure of the traditional
Iroquois clan. Each of the five Iroquois nations was comprised of matriarchal totemic clans in which the
chiefs were men, the clan heads were women, and the chief's children were considered members of his
wife's clan. Degandawida determined that the heads of each nation should select their League
representatives, thereby effectively precluding the possibility of League representatives passing their
power on to their sons, as well as decreasing the likelihood that a pro-war representative would be
appointed. Iroquois unification under the League lasted about two centuries, when disagreement as to
whether to become involved in the American Revolutionary war divided the Iroquois. The revolutionaries'
success and their subsequent encroachment upon Iroquois lands forced many Iroquois to resettle in
Canada, while those who remained behind lost respect from other Indian nations. The introduction of
distilled spirits led to widespread alcoholism and, in turn, to a rapid decline of the culture and population.
The Quakers' influence impeded, yet in another sense contributed, to this decline. By establishing schools
for the Iroquois and by introducing them to modern technology for agriculture and husbandry, the Quakers
instilled some hope for the future yet undermined their sense of national identity. Ironically, it was the
alcoholic halfbrother of Seneca, Cornplanter, the most outspoken proponent among the Iroquois for
assimilation of white customs and institutions, who revived the Iroquois culture. Around 1800, Handsome
Lake, a former member of the Great Council, established a new religion among the Iroquois that tied the
more useful aspects of Christianity to traditional Indian beliefs and customs. Lake's teachings quickly
became firmly entrenched among the Iroquois, sparking reunification and renewed confidence while also
curbing rampant alcoholism. Lake's influence is still evident today: many modern- day Iroquois belong
both to his religion and to one or another Christian sect.
Among the following reasons, it is most likely that the author considers Handsome Lake's leading a
revival of the Iroquois culture "ironic" (line 68) because

• A. he was not a full-blooded relative of Seneca Cornplanter
• B. his religious beliefs conflicted with traditional Iroquois beliefs
• C. he was related by blood to a chief proponent of assimilation
• D. he was a former member of the Great Council
• E. he was alcoholic

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Radiative forcings are changes imposed on the planetary energy balance; radiative feedbacks are
changes induced by climate change. Forcings can arise from either natural or anthropogenic causes. For
example, the concentration of sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere can be altered by volcanic action or by
the burning of fossil fuels. The distinction between forcings and feedbacks is sometimes arbitrary;
however, forcings are quantities normally specified in global climate model simulations, while feedbacks
are calculated quantities. Examples of radiative forcings are greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide
and ozone), aerosols in the troposphere, and surface reflectivity. Radiative feedbacks include clouds,
water vapor in the troposphere, and sea-ice cover. The effects of forcings and feedbacks on climate are
complex. For example, clouds trap outgoing radiation, thus providing a warming influence, while also
reflecting incoming solar radiation and, thereby, providing a cooling influence. Current measurements
indicate that the net effect of clouds is to cool the earth. However, scientists are unsure if the balance will
shift in the future as the atmosphere and cloud formation are altered by the accumulation of greenhouse
gases. Similarly, the vertical distribution of ozone affects both the amount of radiation reaching the earth's
surface and the amount of reradiated radiation that is trapped by the greenhouse effect. These two
mechanisms affect the earth's temperature in opposite directions.
According to the passage, radiative forcings and radiative feedbacks can generally be distinguished from
each other by

• A. whether the radiative change is directed toward or away from the earth
• B. the altitude at which the radiative change occurs
• C. whether the amount of radiative change is specified or calculated
• D. whether the radiative change is global or more localized
• E. the precision with which the amounts of radiative change can be determined

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INSULATE:

• A. dampen
• B. expose
• C. reflect
• D. restrict
• E. combine

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